Barnack did not invent double-cine 35 mm format. There were others before him and contemporaries that did the same. It did not take a giant leap of imagination to come up with the idea.
Barnack/Leitz made it a popular format, and had (and still have) a good marketing in which they habitualy claim they were the first. One of quite a few in a "who-did-it-first-but-did-not"-list.
Glass-glass transitions are almost as bad as glass-air transitions as far as reflecting light and causing flare is concerned. What causes reflections is the transition to a medium with a different refractive index. And having a glass-glass transition of course only makes sense when the two adjoining glasses have a different refractive index.
The difference in refractive index also affects the optical pathway, and with that how the lens works. So glass-glass transitions are different from glass-air transitions, and are used as a tool in lens design.
The cement between the glass surfaces is to fill any unintended but unavoidable gap between the glass elements with something that has a refractive index close to that of the glass. And it is also a bonus that the two glued elements are then fixed in position by the balm, of course.